L-16
CHEMISTRY IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
POINTS
TO BE REMEMBERED
1.
DRUGS
–Drugs are chemical of low molecular masses, which interact with macromolecular
targets and produce a biological response.
2.
CHEMOTHERAPY-
The use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called chemotherapy.
3.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS –
(a)
ON THE BASIS OF
PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT-drugs for a particular
type ofproblem e.g. as analgesics-----for pain relieving.
(b)
ON THE BASIS OF DRUG
ACTION-Action of drug on a particular
biochemical process.
(c)
ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL
ACTION-Drugs having similar structure .eg-
sulphadrugs.
(d)
ON THE BASIS OF MOLECULAR
TARGETS- Drugs interacting with biomolecules as
lipids,
proteins.
4.
ENZYMES AS DRUG TARGETS
(i) CATALYTIC
ACTION OF ENZYMES-
(a) Enzymes have active sites which hold the
substrate molecule .it can be attracted by reacting molecules.
(b) Substrate is bonded to active sites
through hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Vander Waal or dipole –dipole
interactions.
(ii) DRUG-
ENZYME INTERACTIONS-
(a) Drug complete with natural substrate for their
attachments on the active sites of enzymes.They are called competitive
inhibitors.
(b)Some drugs binds to a different site of the enzyme
called allosteric sites which changes the shape of active sites.
5.
ANTAGONISTS-
The drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function.
6.
AGONISTS-Drugs
mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor.
7.
ANTACIDS-These
are compounds which neutralize excess acid of stomach.eg-Aluminium hydroxide,
Magnesium hydroxide.
8.
ANTIHISTAMINES-The
drugs which interfere with the natural action of histamines and prevent the
allergic reaction. eg- rantidine, tegamet, avil.
9.
TRANQULIZERS-The
class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, mild or even
severe mental diseases. Eg- luminal, seconal, equanil, idardil, iproniagid.
10.
ANALGESICS-They reduce
pain without causing
impairment of consciousness, mental
confusion or some other disturbance of the nervous
system. Eg - aspirin, seridon, phenacetin.
11. ANTIMICROBIALS-They
tend to prevent/destroy or inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes as
bacteria ,virus ,fungi etc. They are classified as
(i) ANTIBIOTICS-Those are the
chemicals substances which are produced by micro-organisms and use to kill the
pathogenic micro-organism.
Eg-
Pencillin , ofloxacin .
NARROW SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS-These
are effective mainly against gram positive or gramnegative bacteria. Eg-
Penicillin , streptomycin.
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTI-BIOTICS-They
kill or inhibit a wide range of micro-organisms.eg- chloramphenicol ,
tetracycline .
(i) ANTISEPTICS
OR DISINFECTANT-These are which either kill/inhibit
the growth of micro-organisms. Antiseptics are applied to the living tissues
such as wounds, cuts, ulcers etc. eg-furacine, chloroxylenol & terpinol
(Dettol) .Disinfectant are applied to inanimate objects such as floors ,
drainage , system.
Eg-
0.2% solution of phenol is an antiseptic while 1% solution is disinfectant.
ANTIFERTILITY
DRUGS-
These
is the chemical substances used to control the pregnancy. They are also called
oral contraceptives or birth control pills. Eg-Mifepristone, norethindrone.
13. ARTIFICIAL
SWEETNING AGENTS-These are the chemical compounds which
give sweetening effect to the food without adding calorie. They are good for
diabatic people e.g.- aspartame, saccharin, alitame , sucrolose.
14.
FOOD PRESERVATIVES-
They
prevents spoilage of food to microbial growth.eg-salt, sugar, and sodium
benzoate.
15.
CLEANSING AGENTS-
(i) SOAPS- They
is sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. They are obtained by
the saponification reaction, when fatty acids are heated with aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
They do not work well in hard water.
TOILETS
SOAP-This is prepared by using
better grade of fatty acids and excess ofalkali needs to be removed. colour
& perfumes are added to make them attractive.
MEDICATED SOAPS-
Substances of medicinal value are added.eg- Bithional, Dettol.
16.
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS-They are cleaning agents having properties
of soaps, but actually contain no soap .They can used in both soft and hard
water .They are-
(i)ANIONIC DETERGENTS-They
are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.eg-sodium
lauryl sulphonate. They are effective in acidic solution.
CH3 (CH2) CH2OH
→ CH3(CH2)10CH2OSO3H →CH3
(CH2)10CH2SO3-Na+
(laurylalchol)
(Sodium lauryl sulphonate)
(ii)CATIONIC
DETERGENTS- They are quaternary ammonium salts of
amines with acetates , chlorides, or bromides. They are expensive used to
limited extent.eg-cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide
(iii)NON-IONIC
DETERGENTS- They does not contain any ions. Some
liquid dishwashing detergents which are of non-ionic type.
17. BIODEGREDABLE
DETERGENTS- The detergents which are
linear and can be attacked by micro-organisms are biodegradable.
Eg
-sodium 4-(1-dodecyl) benzene \ sulphonate.
18. NON-BIODEGREDABLE
DETERGENTS- The detergents which are branched and
cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms are called non-biodegdradable.eg-sodium
4-(1,3,5,7 tetramethyloctl)-benzene sulphonate .It creates water pollution.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (1
marks)
Ans-1 Treatment of
diseases using chemicals is called chemotherapy.
Q-2 why do we require artificial
sweetening agents?
Ans-2
To reduce calorie intake.
Q-3
what are main constituent of Dettol?
Ans-3
Choloroxylenol
& Terpinol.
Q-4
what type drug phenacitin?
Ans-4
It
is antipyretics.
Q-5
Name the drug that are used to control allergy?
Ans-5.
Antihistamines,
Citrizine, Avil.
Q-6Why
is the use of aspartame limited to cold food and drinks?
Ans-6
It
is unstable at cooking temperature and decompose.
Q-7What
is tranquilizers? Give an example?
Ans-7 They
are the drug which are used to reduce the stress, mild and severe mental
disease.
Q-8 what type of drug
chloramphenicol?
Ans-8 It
is broad spectrum antibiotic.
Q-9
Why is bithional is added to the toilet soap?
Ans-9
It
acts as antiseptic.
Q-10 what are food
preservatives?
Ans-10 The
substances that prevent spoilage of food due to microbial growth. eg- sodium
benzonate.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE
QUESTION(2 marks)
Q-1 Mention one
important use of the following-
(i)
Equanil (ii)Sucrose
Ans-1 (i) Equanil-
It is a tranquilizer.
(ii) Sucrose-It is an artificial
sweetener.
Q-2 Define the following and give one example-(i)Antipyretics (ii) Antibiotics
Ans-2 (i) Antipyretics-
Those drugs which reduce the temperature of body are called Antipyretics. Eg -
Paracetamol
(ii)
Antibiotics-The
drugs which prevent the growth of other micro-organisms. e.g. - Penicillin.
Q-3 Name the medicines used for the
treatment of the following-
(i) Tuberculosis (ii) Typhoid
Ans. Tuberculosis-
Streptomycin
Typhoid-
Choloroamphenicol
Q-4 what are tincture of
iodine?
Ans-4 2-3% iodine
solution of alcohol water is called tincture of Iodine. It is a powerful
antiseptics and is applied on wounds.
Q- 5 What is
artificial sweetening agent? Give two examples?
Ans-5 The substances
which give sweetening
to food.
Eg- Saccharin,
alitame.
Q-6 How is
synthetic detergents better than soaps?
Ans- 6
(i) Detergents can be used in hard water but soaps cannot be used. (ii)
Detergents have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
Q-7 what are
sulpha drugs? Give two examples?
Ans-7 a group of drugs
which are derivatives of sulphanilamide and are used in place of antibiotics is
called sulpha drugs. Eg- sulphadizine, sulphanilamide.
Q-8 what forces
are involved in holding the active sites of the enzymes?
Ans-8 The forces are
involved in holding the active sites of the enzymes are hydrogen bonding, ionic
bonding , dipole-dipole attractions or Vander waals force of attractions.
Q-9 Describe the following giving an example
in each case- (i) Edible colours (ii) Antifertility
drugs
Ans-9
(i)
Edible colours-
They are used for dying food. Eg- saffron is used to colour rice.
(ii)
Antifertility drugs- Those
drugs which control
the birth of
the child are
called
antifertility
drugs.
Q-10 Give two examples of
organic compounds used as antiseptics?
Ans-10 Phenol
(0.2%), iodoform
SHORT
ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (3 marks)
Q-1 what are
Biodegredable and non-biodegdredable detergents? Give one example of each.
Ans-1 Detergents having
straight hydrocarbon chain and are easily decomposed by micro-organisms are
called Biodegredable detergents.The detergents having branched
hydrocarbon chain and are not easily decomposed by micro-organisms are called
Non-Biodegredable detergents.
Q-2 what are
barbiturates? To which class of drugs do they belong? Give two examples.
Ans-2
Derivatives
of barbituric acid are called barbiturates. They are tranquilizers. They also
act as hypnotics. eg- luminal, seconal.
Q-3 what is the
use of –
(i) Benadryl
(ii) sodium benzoate (iii) Progesterone Ans-3 (i) Antihistamines
(ii)
Preservatives
(iii)
Antifertility drug
Q-4
Identify the type of drug-
(i)
Ofloxacin (ii) Aspirin (iii) Cimetidine
Ans- 4 (i) Antibiotic
(ii) Analgesics & Antipyretics (iii) Antihistamines & antacid
Q-5
Describe the following with suitable example-
(i) Disinfectant (ii) Analgesics (iii) Broad spectrum
antibiotics
(i)
Disinfectant-
chemicals used to kill the micro-organisms can applied on non-living articles.
(ii)
Analgesics-
They are the drugs which are used to relieve pain . eg –Aspirin , Ibuprofen.
(iii)
Broad spectrum antibiotics-
They kill the wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
Eg- Chloramphenicol , ofloxacin.
Value
Based Questions
1. Ashraf is 50 years old and has
diabetes. He uses saccharine as sweetening agent in tea and coffee and sugar
free in sweets. Lakshmi too is diabetic. She controls her sugar level in diet
by using less sugar and by exercising.
a. Who is able to handle diabetes more
efficiently and why? (1)
b. What value do you derive from this? (1)
c. What are the harmful
effects of artificial sweeteners? (1)
Ans:
a. Lakshmi is able to handle diabetes
better, because exercises activate the pancreases to produce insulin.
Exercise keeps one fit and fine.
b. It is necessary to lead a disciplined
life.
c. Researches have shown that the
artificial sweeteners have harmful effect on the body because they are not
excreted easily.
2. Almelu did not like the costlier brand
of dish washer because she was not satisfied by using less quantity of the
dishwasher, so she bought the cheaper brand of dish washer and used large
amounts of it.
a. As a student of chemistry what would
you advise Almelu to use? (1)
b. Why? Explain. (1)
c. What value did you impart to Almelu? (1)
Ans:
a. I would advise Almelu to use smaller
quantities of the costlier detergent.
b. Almelu was pouring detergents into the
drain. These detergents are not biodegradable. Branched detergents are highly
nondegradable because the microbes cannot attack it. Straight chain detergents
are being prepared these days to reduce the pollution problem. The costlier
detergent contains straight chain hydrocarbon.
c. The value imparted was to
use environmentally friendly substances.
3. Ruben is a football player. After
playing he had sever muscle pain. His brother’s friend Suhail asked him to take
ENO along with the medicine.
a. Why?
b. What value can you get from this fact?
Ans:
a) Analgesic relieves Pain from muscular
cramps. But it causes acidity in the stomach. To relieve from acidity antacid
is given. ENO is an antacid.
b) Be open minded to accept a
suggestion from a friend because friend in need is a friend indeed.
4. Rahul’s father recovered from a massive
heart attack. As follow up doctor gave him Aspirin.
a. Why? After some time he started to
develop some stomach ache. Then his wife gave him some butter milk
b. Why?
c. What value do you get from this?
Ans:
a) Aspirin is a blood thinner. Hence for a
patient suffering from heart attack is given Aspirin. Aspirin is acetylated
salicylic acid. In the presence of acid in the stomach it undergoes hydrolysis
to form two acids salicylic acid and acetic acid. This increases the acidity in
the
stomach. (1)
b) To neutralize this acidity butter milk
is also given. (1)
c) Being dedicated and faithful. (1)
5. Pradeep had very high fever. He was
given strong antibiotics. But after recovering from fever he was not able to
digest food and was feeling too weak. The grandmother who lived in his
neighborhood suggested him to take lots of fruits and vegetables.
a. Why? (1)
b. What is the remedy for this? (1)
c. What was the value that Pradeep had by
taking fruits and vegetables? (1)
Ans:
a. Rise in temperature denatures the
proteins in our body. The enzymes which are also proteins get denatured. The
body has to regenerate these enzymes. Till then Pradeep will continue to feel
weak as the enzymes to digest food and for respiration are destroyed due to
high temperature and change in pH. Even after the enzymes are regenerated,
vitamins which act as prosthetic groups in enzyme action are to be taken from
an external source.
b. By taking fruits and vegetables Pradeep
is actually taking in vitamins.
c. He obeyed an elderly person’s advice.
More Questions for
practice
1.
Ravi went to a mall to pickup ‘Ready to eat’ food packets; noticed following
labels on different food packets.
Permitted
Preservatives; Permitted
anti-oxidants; Permitted preservatives
added added
anti-oxidants added.
Packet : A Packet : B Packet
: C
a)
Which packet would Ravi prefer, and why?
b)
What are the values associated with Ravi’s selection?
2.
Rita takes sugar while Renu prefers Aspartame in soft drinks for flavour.
a)
What is that Renu trying to avoid?
b)
What is the probable deficiency in Renu?
c)
What are the values that you notice in Renu’s preference?
3.
Raju was struggling from stomach ache because of hyper acidity condition.
His
friend, Ramesh offered him ‘Soda water’ (Aqueous NaHCO3), While
Ratan
wanted Raju to take ‘Gelusil’ (Aluminium hydroxide gel).
a)
Should Raju follow Ramesh’s advice or Ratan’s?
b)
What is the advantage of one medicine over the other?
c)
What are the values associated with the three friends’ reactions?
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